Cognitive rehabilitation after a serious brain injury or stroke can help the mind in much the same way that physical therapy helps the body, according to a new meta-analysis. Because the data suggest that treatment may work best when tailored to age, injury, symptoms, and time since injury, the findings may help establish evidence-based treatment guidelines.

A full report is in the January issue of Neuropsychology, which is published by the American Psychological Association. The full citation for the article is: “Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation Following Acquired Brain Injury: A Meta-Analytic Re-examination of Cicerone et al.’s (2000, 2005) Systematic Reviews,” Neuropsychology, Vol. 23, No. 1.  

Researchers at the University of South Alabama and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte analyzed and updated the data found in systematic reviews, published in 2000 and 2005, of several hundred studies of cognitive rehabilitation. The researchers took those studies whose samples and methods were most amenable to rigorous statistical techniques and documented the extent to which various treatments improve the language, attention, memory and other cognitive problems that appear after acquired brain injury (such as from trauma, stroke or loss of oxygen – in other words, not congenital). The meta-analysis examined 97 articles, comprising 115 studied treatment samples and 45 control samples. These samples collectively included 2,014 individuals who underwent cognitive rehabilitation after brain injury and 870 individuals in a variety of control conditions. The authors of the initial reviews had concluded there was enough evidence to generally support the use of a variety of rehabilitative treatments. To develop specific treatment guidelines, this new analysis
documented the extent to which treatment type and timing, origin of the injury, recovery level, and participant age affected the odds of success. Given the patterns they found, the authors offered initial treatment guidelines:

•Generally, it is better to start treating patients as early as possible, rather than waiting for a more complete neurological
recovery.
•Even older patients (age 55 and up) may benefit from cognitive rehabilitation, particularly if the brain injury is due to
stroke.
•Clinicians should focus their efforts on direct cognitive skills training in specific cognitive domains (such as attention or visuospatial processing). More holistic, non-targeted interventions seem less effective . Especially if they were treated soon after the event, language training helped older people after stroke with aphasia, problems producing and/or comprehending language. However, language training was still effective, just not as much, when it started more than a year after the stroke.